“This is an example of a defensive foul, committed after the start of the upward shooting motion by the offensive player. The defensive player, Tremont Waters. reaches in and hits the arm of the offensive player, Trae Young, after the offensive player has gathered the ball and started his upward motion. On jump shots taken outside the lower defensive box, the act of shooting begins after the offensive has both gathered the ball and started his upward motion to shoot. Both of those prerequisites are met here, and this is a foul in the act of shooting.”